Name: Fibrokazinės Tuberkuliozės 3D Modelis Erler-Zimmer Fibrocaseous Tuberculosis 3D Printed Model - Labostera
SKU: MP2054
Availability: InStock

Erler-Zimmer GmbH & Co. KG 3D model of fibrocaseous tuberculosis:

Model Number: MP2054
Clinical history:
An 89-year-old man presented with a massive episode of hemoptysis. He had a history of diabetes and immunosuppression due to steroid treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Additional history revealed a long history of cough, hemoptysis, fever, and weight loss. On examination, he was cachectic, hypoxic, and had crepitations covering the entire left lung. A chest radiograph showed multiple cavitating dilatations in the left lung. He subsequently experienced another massive hemoptysis and died.
Pathology:
The left lung is cut longitudinally to expose the cut surface. The upper lobe is almost completely replaced by several large irregular cavities lined with necrotic detritus and fibrous material. Blood vessels are visible in the upper cavity, and there is evidence of hemorrhage. The lower lobe has several smaller areas of fibrotic case, some of which are dehiscing. The middle lung tissue is scarred. The pleura is thickened. This is fibrocaseous tuberculosis with cavitation.
Additional information:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic pulmonary and systemic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Transmission occurs primarily by inhalation of aerosolized droplets containing M. tuberculosis. Risk factors for developing tuberculosis include living in a developing country where the disease may be endemic, immunosuppression (e.g., HIV, steroid use, anti-TNF use, and diabetes), chronic lung disease (e.g., silicosis), alcoholism, and malnutrition. After initial pulmonary infection with M. tuberculosis, the clinical presentation is variable. 90% of immunocompromised individuals with TB enter an asymptomatic latent infection. This latent tuberculosis can reactivate at any time during the patient's life. In other 10% of patients with TB, particularly those with immunosuppression, they develop primary disease, which is an immediate active M. tuberculosis infection. Primary manifestations of TB include symptoms of pulmonary infection (e.g., consolidation, effusion, and hilar adenopathy) and extrapulmonary symptoms, including lymphadenopathy, meningitis, and disseminated miliary TB.
Secondary tuberculosis occurs when a previous latent TB infection reactivates. Reactivation of latent tuberculosis usually occurs about 101 times per year, usually during periods of weakened host immunity. Symptoms of reactivation include cough, hemoptysis in the absence of the usual fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
The immune system's response to TB is mediated by TH1 cells, which stimulate alveolar macrophages to attack the mycobacteria. These macrophages surround the infection, forming a "granuloma" with central fibrotic necrosis.
Secondary pulmonary TB can heal with scarring or progress as in this case. In progressive pulmonary TB you will see erosion of the infected focus and extension into the adjacent lung parenchyma. This causes evacuation of the central cavities, which leads to the appearance of fibrous cavitation. Erosion of blood vessels can cause hemoptysis. After TB treatment, the tissue heals with fibrosis but does not achieve restoration of the lung architecture.
The diagnosis of TB is usually made using clinical history and chest radiography, and multiple sputum cultures. The Mantoux skin test and serum interferon gamma release assay may also be used to help determine the infection. Swabs may be taken from the suspected site to aid in diagnosis. Treatment involves long-term courses of antibiotics, depending on the antibiotic resistance of the infecting mycobacteria.